• Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
• There are two types of invitation.
FORMAL INVITATION
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
INFORMAL INVITATION
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
• Example:
Happy Birthday
Please come to a party
To celebrate the sixth birthday
Of Eliza Keith Brown
Daughter of Mr. Andreas Keith Brown
Sunday, October 17th, 2009,
1.00p.m. – 3.00p.m.
West Landing Avenue Apt 25
425 Cupcake Lane
R.S.V.P. to Jeannie or Jose
975-258-3124
Friday, February 26, 2010
10. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
• Definition : a descriptive text is a text which describes a particular ( specific ) person, place or thing.
• Descriptive text has a generic structure, those are:
1. Identification: It will say something interesting of the specific participation, so the readers are convinced to read the text.
2. Description: It should be specific, in order to help the readers to build a visualization image of whatever you are describing. It explain of parts of something, qualities, characteristics of a person or a thing.
• Descriptive text has a generic structure, those are:
1. Identification: It will say something interesting of the specific participation, so the readers are convinced to read the text.
2. Description: It should be specific, in order to help the readers to build a visualization image of whatever you are describing. It explain of parts of something, qualities, characteristics of a person or a thing.
9.SIMPLE FUTURE
•Definition: The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.
• The simple future is used : to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
• Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
• FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
• FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
• USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
• Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
• ACTIVE / PASSIVE
• Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
owyendz will visit tokyo(+)
Nissa will not visit India(-)
Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
• The simple future is used : to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
• Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
• FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
• FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
• USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
• Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
• ACTIVE / PASSIVE
• Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
owyendz will visit tokyo(+)
Nissa will not visit India(-)
Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
8. Narrative Text
Definition : A piece of writing that tells a story. The story can be imaginary or based on a real events.
Function : To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narrativaes can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinion.
Generic Structure :
• TITLE
• Orientation : This part presents the setting of the story and introduces the characters incolved.
• Complication : A crisis arises.
• Resolution : The problems starts to get resolved.
• Moral Value : The message of the story.
1
Kinds of Narrative Text:
• Short Stories;
• Folklores;
• Legends;
• Fables;
• Myths; etc.
Features:
• Characters with defined personalities / identities.
• Dialogue often include tense may change to the present or the future.
• Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Temporal Conjuction In Narrative Text:
• Once upon a time;
• After;
• Before;
• A long time ago; etc.
Function : To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narrativaes can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinion.
Generic Structure :
• TITLE
• Orientation : This part presents the setting of the story and introduces the characters incolved.
• Complication : A crisis arises.
• Resolution : The problems starts to get resolved.
• Moral Value : The message of the story.
1
Kinds of Narrative Text:
• Short Stories;
• Folklores;
• Legends;
• Fables;
• Myths; etc.
Features:
• Characters with defined personalities / identities.
• Dialogue often include tense may change to the present or the future.
• Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Temporal Conjuction In Narrative Text:
• Once upon a time;
• After;
• Before;
• A long time ago; etc.
7. Passive Voice
Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
The Generic Structure/Formula :
• Active : S + V active + O
• Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S
Passive Voice in Tenses :
1. Simple Present Tense
•Active : V1(es /s)
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3
2. Past tense
•Active : V2(ed)
•Passive : To be(was, were) + V3
3. Past Continuous Tense
•Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing
To be(was, were) + Ving
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
To be(was, were) + Being V3
4. Present Perfect Continuou s Tense
•Active : been + V ing
•Passive : been + being V3
5. Future Tense
•Active : Be + V ing
•Passive : Be + being V3
The Generic Structure/Formula :
• Active : S + V active + O
• Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S
Passive Voice in Tenses :
1. Simple Present Tense
•Active : V1(es /s)
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3
2. Past tense
•Active : V2(ed)
•Passive : To be(was, were) + V3
3. Past Continuous Tense
•Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing
To be(was, were) + Ving
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
To be(was, were) + Being V3
4. Present Perfect Continuou s Tense
•Active : been + V ing
•Passive : been + being V3
5. Future Tense
•Active : Be + V ing
•Passive : Be + being V3
6. News Item
News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.
The generic structure of News item :
Headline.
Correspondence.
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form.
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources :
Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
o Action verbs.
o Verbal verbs.
o Mental verbs.
o Temporal circumstances.
o Spatial circumstances.
o Specific participants.
Example of News item :
>Shark Savages Creek Swimmer
By John Orr and AAP
A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.
Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.
He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.
He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.
“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.
He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.
A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.
Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.
The generic structure of News item :
Headline.
Correspondence.
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form.
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources :
Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
o Action verbs.
o Verbal verbs.
o Mental verbs.
o Temporal circumstances.
o Spatial circumstances.
o Specific participants.
Example of News item :
>Shark Savages Creek Swimmer
By John Orr and AAP
A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.
Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.
He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.
He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.
“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.
He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.
A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.
Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.
5. Noun Phrases
Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.
Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.
The function of Noun phrase :
• Subject
Example :
The children play on the forest.
• Object
Example :
My mother buys a basket of vegetables.
• Complement
Example :
Bogor is a rainy location.
The basic structure of Noun phrase :
Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.
Example : The naughty boy.
Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.
The function of Noun phrase :
• Subject
Example :
The children play on the forest.
• Object
Example :
My mother buys a basket of vegetables.
• Complement
Example :
Bogor is a rainy location.
The basic structure of Noun phrase :
Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.
Example : The naughty boy.
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