Asking if someone remembers or not
Formal expressions:
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.
Ø I remember especially the scenery.
Ø I’ll never forget that
Ø I’ll always remember.
Ø I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?
Ø Remember that?
Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember.
Ways to respond:
Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!
Ø I know.....
Ø It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
Ø I’m affraid I forget.
Ø I really can’t remember.
Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him
Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
Example..
It was Sunday morning, wati got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Wati : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Wati : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !
Friday, February 26, 2010
17. Offering
offering
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Woni : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr,gema?
Mr. Gema : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Woni : thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Woni : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr,gema?
Mr. Gema : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
Woni : thank you. I’m glad you like it.
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?
Ofering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
16. Asking For Information
Information about company
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?
We produce marketing materials.
We specialize in art and design.
What are your major products?
What services do you provide?
We produce office machines.
We design software.
We provide technical support.
Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.
This is one of our top brands.
It's our best selling refrigerator.
This one is the best in its class.
We're really pleased with its performance.
It's an excellent computer.
I highly recommend this one.
This model comes with several features.
This particular one has two components.
Information about Price
What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?
This (one) sells for $5900.
This one goes for $2900.
This one is priced at $9695.
What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?
We produce marketing materials.
We specialize in art and design.
What are your major products?
What services do you provide?
We produce office machines.
We design software.
We provide technical support.
Information about products
Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.
This is one of our top brands.
It's our best selling refrigerator.
This one is the best in its class.
We're really pleased with its performance.
It's an excellent computer.
I highly recommend this one.
This model comes with several features.
This particular one has two components.
Information about Price
What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?
This (one) sells for $5900.
This one goes for $2900.
This one is priced at $9695.
15. Prepositions
Prepositions : In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
Preposition
Time
Place
In
Year, Month,
In 1999, In December
Country, State, City
In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei
On
Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 1
Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At
Time
At 8:00, At 7:30
Address
At 815 East Main Street
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the “largest” time or place, and at usually indicates the “smallest” time or place.
Examples:
A: Where’s your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It’s on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It’s at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.
C: When is the wedding?
D: It’s in June.
C: What day?
D: It’s on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
at the swimming pool (on site)
in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general)
in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors—general area)
in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school
in the classroom
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates the general situation. Note the following:
"practice"/situation
building
in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.)
in the school (building)
in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal)
in the jail/prison (temporary)
in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.)
in the church (building)
Where’s Dad?
in church (attending services)
in the church (fixing the windows)
at church
at the church
in prison (He committed a crime.)
at the prison (visiting his friend)
Related Grammar Topics
* Adverbs and Prepositions
* Preposition Collocations with Be
* Prepositions
* Prepositions and Subordinators
* Prepositions and Time Words
* Prepositions of Location
* Verb and Preposition Collocations
Grammar Exercises
More Grammar Topics
* Grammar Index
I'd like some clarification of the usage of preposition 'to' and article 'the' in the following sentences.
1. Benn goes to the school.
2. Benn goes to school.
Which sentence is correct, the first or the second one? And if the first sentence is correct, why do we say, "She goes to church" or "She attends school" and not "She goes to the church" and "She attends the school"?
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
Preposition
Time
Place
In
Year, Month,
In 1999, In December
Country, State, City
In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei
On
Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 1
Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At
Time
At 8:00, At 7:30
Address
At 815 East Main Street
In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the “largest” time or place, and at usually indicates the “smallest” time or place.
Examples:
A: Where’s your office?
B: In Taipei, Taiwan.
A: Really? What part of Taipei?
B: It’s on Chung Shan North Road.
A: I know that area. Where exactly is it?
B: It’s at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.
C: When is the wedding?
D: It’s in June.
C: What day?
D: It’s on Saturday, the 25th.
C: What time?
D: It starts at 6:00.
Prepositions with articles and locations
When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:
at the swimming pool (on site)
in the swimming pool (in the
pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general)
in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors—general area)
in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school
in the classroom
Sample sentences:
I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie)
I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building)
She works at the library on Wednesdays.
She found a rare coin in the library (building).
Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day.
John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.
For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates the general situation. Note the following:
"practice"/situation
building
in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.)
in the school (building)
in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal)
in the jail/prison (temporary)
in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.)
in the church (building)
Where’s Dad?
in church (attending services)
in the church (fixing the windows)
at church
at the church
in prison (He committed a crime.)
at the prison (visiting his friend)
Related Grammar Topics
* Adverbs and Prepositions
* Preposition Collocations with Be
* Prepositions
* Prepositions and Subordinators
* Prepositions and Time Words
* Prepositions of Location
* Verb and Preposition Collocations
Grammar Exercises
More Grammar Topics
* Grammar Index
I'd like some clarification of the usage of preposition 'to' and article 'the' in the following sentences.
1. Benn goes to the school.
2. Benn goes to school.
Which sentence is correct, the first or the second one? And if the first sentence is correct, why do we say, "She goes to church" or "She attends school" and not "She goes to the church" and "She attends the school"?
14. Introductory it
A To understand this lesson is easy.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
IT IS PLEASANT TO WATCH MUSICAL PROGRAM.
To play football must be fun.
IT IS FUN TO PLAY FOOTBALL.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
IT IS PLEASANT TO WATCH MUSICAL PROGRAM.
To play football must be fun.
IT IS FUN TO PLAY FOOTBALL.
13. Finite verbs
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:
The bear caught a salmon in the stream.
Who ate the pie?
Stop!
A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
12. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
Kitchen Furniture
table(s) chair(s) bin(s)
Other things you may find in a kitchen
cooker(s) / oven(s) microwave (oven)(s) fridge(s) dishwasher(s) tap(s)
coffee maker(s) food mixer(s) liquidiser(s)
Cooking Equipment
saucepan(s) frying pan(s) sieve(s) kettle(s) teapot(s)
spatula(s) tin opener(s) knife (knives) whisk(s)
Bedroom Furniture
bed(s) bedside cabinet(s) bedside table(s)
dressing table(s) wardrobe(s) chest of drawer(s)
Other things you may find in a bedroom
brush(es) comb(s) hair dryer(s)
pillow(s) sheet(s)
Bathroom Furniture
chair(s) basin(s) bath(s) toilet(s) / loo(s)
Other things you may find in a bathroom
toilet roll(s) / loo roll(s) toilet brush(es) / loo brush(es) hairdryer (hairdriers) toothbrush(es)
word for living room. Sitting Room Another name for living room. Spare Room/
^
shaving foam razor(s) toilet seat(s) / loo seat(s) bin(s)
Other Rooms :
Attic People store things in the attic. Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held. Box Room A small room used for storage. Cellar Underneath the house. Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats. Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants. Dining Room A room where people eat. Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain. Games Room A room in large houses where games are played. Hall The entrance passage to a house. Larder A small room used for the storage of food. Library A room where books are kept. Lounge Another name for living room. Music Room A room where people play music. Office A room where people work. Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items. Parlour Old fashioned
Guest Room A room where guests sleep. Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC) Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.
table(s) chair(s) bin(s)
Other things you may find in a kitchen
cooker(s) / oven(s) microwave (oven)(s) fridge(s) dishwasher(s) tap(s)
coffee maker(s) food mixer(s) liquidiser(s)
Cooking Equipment
saucepan(s) frying pan(s) sieve(s) kettle(s) teapot(s)
spatula(s) tin opener(s) knife (knives) whisk(s)
Bedroom Furniture
bed(s) bedside cabinet(s) bedside table(s)
dressing table(s) wardrobe(s) chest of drawer(s)
Other things you may find in a bedroom
brush(es) comb(s) hair dryer(s)
pillow(s) sheet(s)
Bathroom Furniture
chair(s) basin(s) bath(s) toilet(s) / loo(s)
Other things you may find in a bathroom
toilet roll(s) / loo roll(s) toilet brush(es) / loo brush(es) hairdryer (hairdriers) toothbrush(es)
word for living room. Sitting Room Another name for living room. Spare Room/
^
shaving foam razor(s) toilet seat(s) / loo seat(s) bin(s)
Other Rooms :
Attic People store things in the attic. Ballroom A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held. Box Room A small room used for storage. Cellar Underneath the house. Cloakroom A small room where people put their coats. Conservatory A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants. Dining Room A room where people eat. Drawing Room A room in stately homes where rich people entertain. Games Room A room in large houses where games are played. Hall The entrance passage to a house. Larder A small room used for the storage of food. Library A room where books are kept. Lounge Another name for living room. Music Room A room where people play music. Office A room where people work. Pantry A small room used to store kitchen and dining items. Parlour Old fashioned
Guest Room A room where guests sleep. Toilet A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC) Utility Room A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.
11. INVITATION ( written )
• Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
• There are two types of invitation.
FORMAL INVITATION
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
INFORMAL INVITATION
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
• Example:
Happy Birthday
Please come to a party
To celebrate the sixth birthday
Of Eliza Keith Brown
Daughter of Mr. Andreas Keith Brown
Sunday, October 17th, 2009,
1.00p.m. – 3.00p.m.
West Landing Avenue Apt 25
425 Cupcake Lane
R.S.V.P. to Jeannie or Jose
975-258-3124
• There are two types of invitation.
FORMAL INVITATION
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
INFORMAL INVITATION
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
• Example:
Happy Birthday
Please come to a party
To celebrate the sixth birthday
Of Eliza Keith Brown
Daughter of Mr. Andreas Keith Brown
Sunday, October 17th, 2009,
1.00p.m. – 3.00p.m.
West Landing Avenue Apt 25
425 Cupcake Lane
R.S.V.P. to Jeannie or Jose
975-258-3124
10. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
• Definition : a descriptive text is a text which describes a particular ( specific ) person, place or thing.
• Descriptive text has a generic structure, those are:
1. Identification: It will say something interesting of the specific participation, so the readers are convinced to read the text.
2. Description: It should be specific, in order to help the readers to build a visualization image of whatever you are describing. It explain of parts of something, qualities, characteristics of a person or a thing.
• Descriptive text has a generic structure, those are:
1. Identification: It will say something interesting of the specific participation, so the readers are convinced to read the text.
2. Description: It should be specific, in order to help the readers to build a visualization image of whatever you are describing. It explain of parts of something, qualities, characteristics of a person or a thing.
9.SIMPLE FUTURE
•Definition: The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.
• The simple future is used : to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
• Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
• FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
• FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
• USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
• Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
• ACTIVE / PASSIVE
• Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
owyendz will visit tokyo(+)
Nissa will not visit India(-)
Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
• The simple future is used : to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.
• Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
• FORM Will
[S + will + verb1]
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.
• FORM Be Going To
[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
• USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
• Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
• ACTIVE / PASSIVE
• Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
• The Formula with verb sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object
Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object
• Example :
owyendz will visit tokyo(+)
Nissa will not visit India(-)
Will shasya visit china? (?)
• The formula with nominal sentence :
Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement
Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement
Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement
8. Narrative Text
Definition : A piece of writing that tells a story. The story can be imaginary or based on a real events.
Function : To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narrativaes can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinion.
Generic Structure :
• TITLE
• Orientation : This part presents the setting of the story and introduces the characters incolved.
• Complication : A crisis arises.
• Resolution : The problems starts to get resolved.
• Moral Value : The message of the story.
1
Kinds of Narrative Text:
• Short Stories;
• Folklores;
• Legends;
• Fables;
• Myths; etc.
Features:
• Characters with defined personalities / identities.
• Dialogue often include tense may change to the present or the future.
• Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Temporal Conjuction In Narrative Text:
• Once upon a time;
• After;
• Before;
• A long time ago; etc.
Function : To entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. However narrativaes can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinion.
Generic Structure :
• TITLE
• Orientation : This part presents the setting of the story and introduces the characters incolved.
• Complication : A crisis arises.
• Resolution : The problems starts to get resolved.
• Moral Value : The message of the story.
1
Kinds of Narrative Text:
• Short Stories;
• Folklores;
• Legends;
• Fables;
• Myths; etc.
Features:
• Characters with defined personalities / identities.
• Dialogue often include tense may change to the present or the future.
• Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Temporal Conjuction In Narrative Text:
• Once upon a time;
• After;
• Before;
• A long time ago; etc.
7. Passive Voice
Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
The Generic Structure/Formula :
• Active : S + V active + O
• Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S
Passive Voice in Tenses :
1. Simple Present Tense
•Active : V1(es /s)
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3
2. Past tense
•Active : V2(ed)
•Passive : To be(was, were) + V3
3. Past Continuous Tense
•Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing
To be(was, were) + Ving
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
To be(was, were) + Being V3
4. Present Perfect Continuou s Tense
•Active : been + V ing
•Passive : been + being V3
5. Future Tense
•Active : Be + V ing
•Passive : Be + being V3
The Generic Structure/Formula :
• Active : S + V active + O
• Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S
Passive Voice in Tenses :
1. Simple Present Tense
•Active : V1(es /s)
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3
2. Past tense
•Active : V2(ed)
•Passive : To be(was, were) + V3
3. Past Continuous Tense
•Active : To be(is, am, are) + V ing
To be(was, were) + Ving
•Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3
To be(was, were) + Being V3
4. Present Perfect Continuou s Tense
•Active : been + V ing
•Passive : been + being V3
5. Future Tense
•Active : Be + V ing
•Passive : Be + being V3
6. News Item
News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.
The generic structure of News item :
Headline.
Correspondence.
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form.
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources :
Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
o Action verbs.
o Verbal verbs.
o Mental verbs.
o Temporal circumstances.
o Spatial circumstances.
o Specific participants.
Example of News item :
>Shark Savages Creek Swimmer
By John Orr and AAP
A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.
Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.
He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.
He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.
“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.
He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.
A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.
Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.
The generic structure of News item :
Headline.
Correspondence.
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form.
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources :
Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
o Action verbs.
o Verbal verbs.
o Mental verbs.
o Temporal circumstances.
o Spatial circumstances.
o Specific participants.
Example of News item :
>Shark Savages Creek Swimmer
By John Orr and AAP
A Gold Coast man was recovering in hospital last night after a shark bit him in his buttocks and right leg when he went for a moonlit swim in a canal.
Mr. Craig Coleman, 26 needed about 200 stitches and is awaiting plastic surgery.
He went for a swim in little Tallebudgera Creek and adjoining canals to “cool off” late on Saturday night.
He “dog-paddled” halfway accros the stream and while having a breather, a shark, estimated, to be 1.8m long, “took a liking to him”.
“I never got a look at him-who would have thought there would be sharks in the river,” Mr. Coleman said yesterday.
He was the second person to be attacked by a shark in the Mermaid Waters canal in the past 12 months.
A 10 years-old boy was attacked late last year only metres from where Mr. Coleman was bitten.
Mr. Coleman said he was unaware of previous shark attacks in Gold Coast waterways as he had recently moved there from Sydney.
5. Noun Phrases
Noun is word to point/signed at the thing. For example : the tall, my brother, loneliness, etc. Phrase is a group of words. So, Noun phrases is a group of word that to point/signed at the thing.
Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.
The function of Noun phrase :
• Subject
Example :
The children play on the forest.
• Object
Example :
My mother buys a basket of vegetables.
• Complement
Example :
Bogor is a rainy location.
The basic structure of Noun phrase :
Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.
Example : The naughty boy.
Noun phrase consist of a pronoun or noun with only associated noun phrases can act as a subject, object, complement object of preposition, and object of verb.
The function of Noun phrase :
• Subject
Example :
The children play on the forest.
• Object
Example :
My mother buys a basket of vegetables.
• Complement
Example :
Bogor is a rainy location.
The basic structure of Noun phrase :
Phrase consist minimally of a head this means, in one word phrase like “boy”, the head is “boy” in langer phrase a string of elements my appear before the head.
Example : The naughty boy.
4. Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons extract word. We use quotation marks (" ")
Examples of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”
Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.
There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)
Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't worry about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to worry about it.
2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.
3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.
In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.
2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.
3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.
Time change
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
This (evening) › That (evening)
Today › That day
These (days) › Those (days)
Now › Then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
Last weekend › The weekend before last / the previous weekend
Here › There
Next (week) › The following (week)
Tomorrow › The next/following day
Tense change
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." › Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect
She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous
She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Examples of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”
Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.
There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)
Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't worry about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to worry about it.
2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.
3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.
In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.
2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.
3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.
Time change
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
This (evening) › That (evening)
Today › That day
These (days) › Those (days)
Now › Then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
Last weekend › The weekend before last / the previous weekend
Here › There
Next (week) › The following (week)
Tomorrow › The next/following day
Tense change
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." › Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect
She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous
She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
3. Modals In The Past Form
Modals in the past are :
Could.
Might.
Would.
Should.
The formula of Modals in the past form :
1. COULD + VERB BASE.
To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”
To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”
2. WOULD + VERB BASE.
For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”
Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”
To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”
Reva : “No, not at all.”
3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.
4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”
To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”
Vera : “Yes, of course.”
Could.
Might.
Would.
Should.
The formula of Modals in the past form :
1. COULD + VERB BASE.
To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”
To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”
2. WOULD + VERB BASE.
For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”
Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”
To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”
Reva : “No, not at all.”
3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.
4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”
To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”
Vera : “Yes, of course.”
2. Surprises and Disbeliefs
• Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.
• Surprise is an emotion that a person might feel unexpected happens. For example, a person may feel surprised at a loud, sudden noise, like the popping of a ballon, or they may feel surprised at the outcome of an event. The feeling of surprise can be both good or bad, depending on the circumstances.
• Doubt is feeling between belief or disbelief.
• Disbelief is an expression that we show or say to express the inability or refusal to believe or to accept something as true.
Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
o What a surprises?
o That’s very surprising!
o Really?
o Oh, no…………..
o Are you serious? You must be joking.
o What?
o That’s unbeliefable!
o Fancy that!
o You’re kidding!
o I find that hard to believe.
o I must say it surprises me.
Surprising amazement of something :
o Fantastic!
o How marvellous/beautiful!
o It’s very interesting!
o It’s great!
o It’s terrific!
o Wow, that’s amazing!
o Wonderful!
o What a nice……
o What a lovely flower!
o Hey, that’s really terrific!
Example :
Travo : " Look, I got a new blackberry! "
Emeral : " really ?"
Travo : "Yes, I got it from my father because I got first rank. "
Emeral : " What a surprise! “
When get a surprising fact, you can say those to tell other people :
* Do you know what ?
* Believe it or not ?
* You may not believe it, but ...
* Can you believe it ?
Responding of disbeliefs :
* Really ?
* Are you joking ?
* Where ? show me
*Yeah!
*Sure?
There are some ways to express surprise :
* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness
• Surprise is an emotion that a person might feel unexpected happens. For example, a person may feel surprised at a loud, sudden noise, like the popping of a ballon, or they may feel surprised at the outcome of an event. The feeling of surprise can be both good or bad, depending on the circumstances.
• Doubt is feeling between belief or disbelief.
• Disbelief is an expression that we show or say to express the inability or refusal to believe or to accept something as true.
Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
o What a surprises?
o That’s very surprising!
o Really?
o Oh, no…………..
o Are you serious? You must be joking.
o What?
o That’s unbeliefable!
o Fancy that!
o You’re kidding!
o I find that hard to believe.
o I must say it surprises me.
Surprising amazement of something :
o Fantastic!
o How marvellous/beautiful!
o It’s very interesting!
o It’s great!
o It’s terrific!
o Wow, that’s amazing!
o Wonderful!
o What a nice……
o What a lovely flower!
o Hey, that’s really terrific!
Example :
Travo : " Look, I got a new blackberry! "
Emeral : " really ?"
Travo : "Yes, I got it from my father because I got first rank. "
Emeral : " What a surprise! “
When get a surprising fact, you can say those to tell other people :
* Do you know what ?
* Believe it or not ?
* You may not believe it, but ...
* Can you believe it ?
Responding of disbeliefs :
* Really ?
* Are you joking ?
* Where ? show me
*Yeah!
*Sure?
There are some ways to express surprise :
* Never !
* Oh, no!
* You`re kidding
* What a surprise
* Good heavens
* My goodness
1. Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation
Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.
• Kind of gratitude expression are :
Thank you very much.
Thanks.
I’m grateful to…….
I want to thank.
I want to express my gratitude to……..
I keep forgetting to thank you for…….
• Responds of expressing :
You are welcome.
Don’t mention it.
Not at all
It was nothing at all.
No problem
Glad to be of help.
(it was) my pleasure.
I’m glad I could help.
I’m glad I could do it.
I’m glad I could be of help.
• Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
• Expressing :
What a nice dress.
You look great.
You look very nice.
I really must express my admiration for you………
Good grades.
Excellent.
Nice work.
• Time to express compliment :
On his/her general appearance.
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
When other people do their best.
• Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing :
• Let me congratulate you.
• Congratulations on you successful business.
• My congratulations on your success.
• Congratulations on your promotion.
• Good!
• That’s great!
• Isn’t that wonderful!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid!
• Pretty good!
• Kind of gratitude expression are :
Thank you very much.
Thanks.
I’m grateful to…….
I want to thank.
I want to express my gratitude to……..
I keep forgetting to thank you for…….
• Responds of expressing :
You are welcome.
Don’t mention it.
Not at all
It was nothing at all.
No problem
Glad to be of help.
(it was) my pleasure.
I’m glad I could help.
I’m glad I could do it.
I’m glad I could be of help.
• Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
• Expressing :
What a nice dress.
You look great.
You look very nice.
I really must express my admiration for you………
Good grades.
Excellent.
Nice work.
• Time to express compliment :
On his/her general appearance.
If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
When other people do their best.
• Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing :
• Let me congratulate you.
• Congratulations on you successful business.
• My congratulations on your success.
• Congratulations on your promotion.
• Good!
• That’s great!
• Isn’t that wonderful!
• How fortunate.
• Splendid!
• Pretty good!
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